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G.I. Jones at Nsude Village Shrine Pyramid
A black-and-white photograph from the 1930s showing anthropologist G.I. Jones seated in front of a stepped earthen pyramid at the Nsude Village Shrine in Abaja, Northern Igbo region. The pyramid structure consists of rounded graduated steps decreasing in size and culminating in a pointed apex. The structure, made of mud, stands in an open area surrounded by grasses and vegetation. Jones is wearing shorts, a white shirt, and a pith helmet. The Nsude pyramids were temples dedicated to the deities …
Landscape of the Niger River near Asaba
A monochrome landscape photograph taken between 1886 and 1895 by William Henry Crosse, Principal Medical Officer of the Royal Niger Company. The image depicts a large, calm body of water in the foreground with a prominent, vegetated hill centered in the background, creating a symmetrical reflection on the water's surface. The composition is a wide-angle view with a high-key sky and diffuse lighting. The photograph is a lantern slide, identified by archival markings including the alphanumeric code LS.82550 and a …
Painted Courthouse Mural at Nri
A photograph depicting a monochromatic mural on a flat, textured surface, located at a courthouse in Nri, Onitsha Province. The composition features six stylized human figures and a vessel, arranged in a linear progression from left to right. The figures are rendered as dark silhouettes overlaid with high-contrast white geometric patterns, including triangles, diamonds, and stippling, characteristic of the Uli art tradition. A large-scale figure anchors the left side, while a group of smaller figures is positioned within and around …
Ogbugulu Mau Masquerade, Amuda Village
Black-and-white photograph of the Ogbugulu Mau (Ghost) masquerade performed in Amuda village, near Awka, Onitsha Province, South Eastern Nigeria. The image shows four masqueraders and their attendant. From left, Iro Ekpetu (Merciless) wears a black fierce face mask with white painted eyes and protruding teeth, cloth top and tights, and a raffia skirt. Eju Ono (Long Mouth) wears an animal-like mask painted black with white markings and horns, cloth top and tights, and a raffia skirt, holding two sticks. A …
An Igbo Elder from Awka, Wearing a War Helmet and Holding a Shield
This photograph, taken by Northcote Thomas around 1913, shows an Igbo elder from Awka wearing an okpu agha, a fibre 'crash' helmet plaited from coarse fibre of Colocasia antiquorum stems for defense against weapons, and holding an ekpeke, a woven shield. These items represent elements of traditional Igbo martial attire and protection in warfare.
Man in Embroidered Beadwork Canvas Costume and Mask
A monochrome, full-length photographic portrait of a man standing in a frontal, upright posture. The subject is wearing an elaborate, form-fitting suit that covers the torso, arms, and legs, featuring a high-density pattern of geometric and organic motifs, including concentric circles and cross-shaped motifs. The garment's thoracic region includes two hemispherical forms to mimic female mammary anatomy. The subject wears a light-colored mask that covers the face and a dark-toned hood that obscures the hair and neck. The figure stands …
Eze Nri Obalike with his attendants and Chiefs at Enugwu-Ukwu
This photograph, taken by Northcote Thomas in 1911, shows Eze Nri Obalike, who ruled from around 1889 to 1926, surrounded by his attendants and chiefs at the Nkwọ Marketplace in Enugwu-Ukwu. Under the watchful eyes of British colonial officers, Obalike was forced, reportedly at gunpoint, to denounce nso and alu, traditional codes of taboo and abomination that underpinned Nri authority. This event marked the decline of the Nri hegemony and the end of its ritual control over Igbo communities.
Group Portrait of Titled Igbo Men
This photograph from between 1900 and 1915 shows a group of titled Igbo men, likely members of the prestigious Nze na Ozo society. Their traditional attire includes symbolic robes, headgear, and red caps known as okpu mme, with ceremonial staffs and ivory bracelets indicating high status.
Pot believed to hold the personal spirit (chi)
This decorated pot, known as Ihu Chi, from Ekpeye in 1916, is believed to hold an individual's personal spirit or chi, a central concept in Igbo cosmology often translated as guardian angel or spirit-double. In Igbo belief, chi is a fractal of the supreme creator, Chineke or Chukwu, influencing personal destiny and authenticity.
Family Group Portrait by William Henry Crosse
A monochrome photograph of a family. They are seated on an earthen incline against a textured vertical wall. Several individuals wear wrapped cloths with linear stripes or geometric patterns, and some women have bare upper torsos. Personal adornment is prominent, featuring thick cylindrical metallic bangles, wide metallic cuffs, and various necklaces. One adolescent girl wears multiple bracelets and metal ankle rings. The photograph was taken by Dr. William Henry Crosse, Principal Medical Officer of the Royal Niger Company, between 1886 …
Portraits of an Igbo Woman in Oweri Province
These black-and-white portraits, taken by Northcote Thomas between 1909 and 1913 as physical type photographs in his anthropological survey, depict an Igbo woman from Oweri Province (now Owerri). The frontal view highlights her direct gaze and the gap between her front teeth, a cultural marker of beauty, with a simple headscarf against a plain background. The side profile shows her headscarf revealing neat hair lines, characteristic of Igbo styles, and a small earring, contrasting with her simple attire.
Questionnaire on Dolls
A two-page printed questionnaire from 1906 created by Northcote Thomas, M.A., for publication in the journal Man. The document is a formal inquiry into the cultural significance and use of dolls, categorized by thematic inquiries into physical description, biological mimicry (such as feeding and sleeping), mortality and trauma (including disease and burial ceremonies), social and emotional dynamics, and ritual or supernatural uses. It features an institutional stamp from the Anthropological Institute in London and was printed by Eyre and Spottiswoode. …
Northcote Thomas Botanical Collections
A photograph depicting a composite montage of three herbarium specimen sheets from the botanical collections of Northcote Thomas, curated at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. The first panel shows a specimen of Psychotria scindaphos from Ubulu, recorded as specimen number 2315. The second panel displays a specimen of Solanum from Hugo, recorded as number 2310, dated November 8, 1912. The third panel contains specimens identified as Omphalogonus calophylla and Omphalogonus nigrescens. These collections were gathered during Thomas's anthropological surveys in …
Conversation between John and Nwile
A photograph of two facing pages, 48 and 49, from Northcote Thomas's Anthropological Report on the Ibo-Speaking Peoples of Nigeria, Part III: Proverbs, Narratives, Vocabularies and Grammar. The pages display a transcribed and translated dialogue between two young men: John, identified as an Onitsha boy, and Nwile, identified as a Nibo boy. The text is organized into two columns with the original Igbo language using specialized diacritical marks for phonetic values, followed by English translations. The conversation documents a visit …
Aja Ǹgwùlù (Entrance to an Igbo Compound)
A photograph depicting the entrance and high walls (aja ǹgwùlù) of an Igbo compound (ǹgwùlù) in or near Onitsha. The structure is a single-story rectangular building with walls composed of plastered material and a thatched roof of organic fibers. The entrance is flanked by two pillars featuring bas-relief carvings of concentric circles, wavy lines, and geometric patterns. A freestanding carved column is positioned to the right of the portal. Inside the structure, a figure is visible wearing a high-contrast patterned …
Palm Oil Market Scene in Akwete
A monochromatic photograph depicting a market scene in Akwete. The image shows a group of approximately 15 to 20 individuals, primarily Igbo men wearing waist-wrapped garments, gathered under an open-sided structure with a corrugated roof. Several large, spherical vessels encased in rope netting are visible on the ground, with one individual carrying two such vessels using a wooden yoke. A single individual is depicted in Western-style clothing, consisting of a long-sleeved shirt, trousers, and a wide-brimmed hat, appearing to be …
Portrait of an Igbo Man with Ichi Markings
A monochromatic photographic portrait of an Igbo man presented in a three-quarter profile view. The subject exhibits raised, hypertrophic ridges of Ichi scarification on the cheek, temple, and lateral forehead. His hair is plaited with small, vertical, cylindrical tufts on the crown of the head. The image is a gelatin silver print, set against a blurred natural background of vegetation. The portrait captures the dermal modifications and cranial styling typical of Igbo nobility during the late 19th to early 20th …
African Priest and Altar Boys at a Christian Church
A photograph depicting an African priest and four altar boys worshipping at a Christian church. The priest wears a white alb and a dark embroidered chasuble with floral motifs. The four boys are dressed in dark short capes over white ankle-length garments with lace-like edging. The church interior is constructed from corrugated iron. The altar is decorated with candles, floral garlands, and a patterned cloth, with a rug featuring geometric motifs on the floor.
Steam Vessel Anchored on the Niger River
A photograph depicting a single-masted, steam-powered vessel moored parallel to an earthen riverbank along the Niger River. The vessel features a vertical smokestack emitting a plume of white smoke, a central multi-level superstructure with railings, and a tall mast with rigging lines. On the sloping bank, a group of approximately five to six men wearing minimal clothing, primarily light-colored wraps or loincloths, are engaged in manual labor near the water's edge. The image is part of the Crosse Collection, taken …
Okike, Ikenga and Other Shrines of North Ika
A monochromatic photograph depicting a collection of carved wooden objects on a granular substrate. The central assemblage features a seated humanoid figure with a tall, vertically striated cylindrical headdress, positioned on a rectangular base with diagonal rhythmic ridges. Adjacent to the figure is a slender vertical staff with a rounded terminal and a short cylindrical vessel adorned with small, pointed protrusions. A secondary object to the right consists of a mask-like form with two elongated vertical protrusions extending from the …
A Lady of Ụgwụtā wearing Ivory
A photograph depicting a woman from Ụgwụtā (Oguta) in the Òru area, dating from the early 20th century. The subject is seated on a wooden chair in an outdoor setting with palm-like vegetation. She is dressed in a patterned blouse and matching full-length skirt with small light-colored dots, complemented by a light-colored waist wrap. Two thick ivory rings are worn on her wrists. The source indicates that wealthy traders in the riverine Òru region, who utilized waterways for commerce, wore …
Carved Wooden Ceremonial Board Staff
A photograph depicting a carved wooden figure, possibly a ceremonial board staff, featuring a multi-register relief carving. The structure consists of a base board decorated with various faces, bodies, and geometric shapes. From the top of the board project four short poles, each terminating in a stylized human head with distinct decorative coiffures. The lower register features a prominent central face with a patterned forehead, flanked by smaller humanoid forms and patterned columns. The work is characterized by manual subtractive …
Thatched Dwelling and Group of Individuals
A photograph depicting a single-story dwelling with a steeply pitched thatched roof and light-colored walls. The structure features a veranda area with a low perimeter wall and several dark rectangular openings. To the right, a group of approximately five individuals wearing light-colored tunics and hats stands near a tall, slender vertical pole. The environmental context includes a tall, slender tree in the left foreground and a broad canopy tree behind the building. This monochrome image is a glass negative halfplate …
Ngbangba Ikoro Masquerade at Abiriba
This black-and-white photograph by G.I. Jones shows the Ngbangba Ikoro masquerade at Abiriba, circa 1930s. The scene depicts performers and spectators outside a traditional thatched building. One figure wears a dark wooden mask painted white with horns, attached to woven sackcloth. A young boy touches this character. Another rounded mask with white bulbous eyes appears upside down. The audience includes women, men, and children wearing printed cloths. Jones documented that Abiriba carvers created masks for this masquerade, with copyright shared …
Temporary Wooden Bridge over the Imo River
A photograph depicting a temporary trestle-style bridge constructed from native, locally grown timber spanning the Imo River. This structure was part of the Eastern Division railway line, built starting in 1913 to facilitate access to the Udi coalfields near Enugwu Ngwo, terminating at the Diobu cliffs of Port Harcourt. The image shows vertical pilings and diagonal cross-bracing supporting the bridge deck. A dense tropical forest canopy is visible in the background. The construction of this railway involved forced labor coordinated …
Igbo Elder from Awka on Oche Mpata
These black-and-white photographs, taken by Northcote Thomas between 1910 and 1911 as part of his anthropological survey, feature an Igbo elder from Öka (Awka). The first shows a close view of her face and head, adorned with a wooden head dress set with pearl buttons, known as “isi ojongo,” embodying Igbo identity and artistic expression. The second depicts the elder seated on an “oche mpata,” a stool reserved for titled individuals with the Ọzọ title, wearing a patterned sarong and …
Igbo Dancer Performing Agaba Masquerade
A photograph depicting an Igbo dancer in Okitipupa, Ondo Province, performing the Agaba masquerade. The central figure wears a dark, matte-textured mask with wide, recessed eyes and an open mouth revealing white, rectangular teeth. The headdress features two large, curved horns and carved humanoid figures, with organic stalks extending vertically. The performer's torso is covered in a garment of overlapping light-toned, disc-shaped objects. Four men in mid-century attire are positioned around the dancer, observing the performance. This image was published …
Portrait of a Man with Facial Scarring
A grayscale photograph depicting a head and shoulders portrait of a man facing the camera. He wears a collarless shirt with a dark-toned, textured garment and a light-colored cloth draped around his neck. The man's right eye appears to be scarred or bruised, with the eyelid puffed up and closed. The background consists of a shallow depth of field with out-of-focus natural elements, including trees and low-lying vegetation in an outdoor setting.
Group Portrait of Six Men in the Onitsha Area
A monochromatic photograph from circa 1886 to 1895 showing six male subjects in a linear arrangement in a wooded outdoor environment. The subjects wear various waist wraps, some featuring geometric patterns, and several utilize headwraps or caps. Two subjects hold large, curved, single-edged blades, while others hold long, thin rods or implements. The image was taken by William Henry Crosse, Principal Medical Officer of the Royal Niger Company, and was later identified by G.I. Jones as depicting individuals in the …
Igbo Woman with Elaborate Geometric Hairstyle
This photograph, taken by Northcote Thomas around 1910 as part of his anthropological documentation, features an Igbo woman with an elaborate geometric hairstyle. In Igbo culture, hairstyles often signified age, social status, and marital status, offering insight into personal adornment practices in early 20th-century Igbo society.
River Steamer on the Niger River
A photograph depicting a small, low-profile motorized river steamer, possibly a mission boat, navigating a wide, calm body of water. The vessel features a central vertical smokestack, a light-colored cabin toward the bow, and a thin vertical mast. In the right foreground, a man stands on a vegetated riverbank, serving as a lookout. The background shows a continuous line of dense forest along the distant shoreline. The image is a black-and-white lantern slide from the Crosse Collection, documenting the activities …
Portrait of a Man in a Roofed Building
A photograph depicting a half-length portrait of an adult male with dark skin pigmentation and short, textured hair. The subject is shirtless, wearing a thin, dark, cord-like necklace with a single, small, cylindrical or bead-like element centered over the sternum. He is positioned centrally in a medium close-up shot against a background showing the internal structural framework or rafters of a roofed building. The image is a monochrome print showing signs of physical aging, including fine linear scratches and particulate …
Interior View of a Chief's Compound
An albumen print photograph from approximately 1870-1900 showing the interior of a Chief's compound. The scene depicts five or six mud buildings with thatched roofs made from palm fronds. The architectural layout includes several steeply pitched, gabled structures. A single, tall palm tree with a slender trunk stands centrally in a cleared, flat area of earth. A small, indistinct humanoid figure is visible in the center of the clearing. The composition emphasizes the verticality of the central tree against the …
Corrugated Metal Building and Individual along the Niger River
A photograph depicting a single-story, elongated rectangular building constructed from corrugated metal sheeting on both the walls and the roof. The structure features ornamental metal cresting along the roof ridge and one visible rectangular window. A single human figure wearing light-colored clothing stands in the mid-ground before the building. The surrounding environment consists of dense vegetation, including shrubs, tall grasses, and a palm specimen. This image is part of the Crosse Collection and relates to the operations of the Royal …
Maiden Spirit Mask (Isi abogefi)
A photograph showing the interior and exterior of an Igbo maiden spirit mask, known locally as Isi abogefi, collected by Northcote Thomas in Agukwu Nri in 1911. The mask is carved from egbu wood and features a white facial surface with yellow and ochre pigments on the forehead and black pigments on the nose and eyebrow ridges. It is decorated with circular raised-relief dots on the cheeks and linear patterns along the margins. The elaborate headdress, recorded as isi nkpo …
Portrait of a Male Elder with Staff
A photograph depicting a half-length portrait of an elderly Igbo man. The subject is wearing a textured, ribbed knit beanie and an unfastened, heavy-weight jacket with a discernible weave. He holds a light-colored, smooth-textured wooden staff vertically in his right hand. The image is a monochromatic sepia-toned print showing signs of chemical spotting and surface scratches, with a blue ink overlay across the frame. A partial view of another person is visible on the right edge, and blurred figures appear …
Earthwork Structures and Wooden Barrels along the Niger River
A photograph depicting a site featuring linear earthwork enclosures or partitioned embankments made of compacted soil. Several cylindrical wooden barrels are placed upright or tilted near the center, with one positioned horizontally in a depression. A temporary shelter consisting of light-colored fabric over a frame is visible on the right. The landscape includes tropical vegetation with palm-like trees and a large body of water in the background. The image was captured by William Henry Crosse during his time as Principal …
Royal Niger Company Vessel on the Niger River
A photograph depicting a multi-level watercraft anchored along an embankment on the Niger River. The vessel features a dark hull with barrels and utility equipment on the lower deck, a secondary upper deck with a rectangular cabin, and a light-colored canopy. A single tall, dark smokestack is positioned mid-vessel, and a flag is visible at the stern. Several human figures appear on the upper deck. The foreground consists of a shoreline with dense aquatic vegetation and debris. The image is …
Ikem Masquerade Play in Umuahia
A black-and-white photograph depicting an Ikem masquerade play. The central figure is a masquerader wearing an Anang carved female face mask featuring naturalistic human features, dark eyebrows, a fine nose, and marks on the cheeks, topped with an elaborate black coiffure in large plaits. The mask is mounted over a square frame covered in printed cloth, and the masquerader wears a striped wrapper. The figure holds an umbrella in one hand and a handkerchief in the other. To the side …
Portrait of an Igbo Woman
A photograph depicting a bust-length portrait of an Igbo woman in a frontal pose. She wears a light-colored, voluminous headwrap with dark repetitive decorative motifs and a light-colored short-sleeved blouse with a scooped neckline, decorative lace trim, and a single button. Visible dark, linear markings are present on her upper chest and sternum area. The image is presented as an oval vignette within a rectangular border. The photograph was taken by Dr. William Henry Crosse during his tenure as Principal …
Obugulu Mau Masqueraders at Amobia Village
This colour transparency from the Jones Collection shows Obugulu Mau masqueraders seated in Amobia village, Nri Awka, Onitsha province. The masqueraders wear white face masks with black markings around the eyes, nose, and mouth, accentuating the eyebrows and cheeks. Their elaborate headdresses consist of colourful felt, string, and tassels. They are dressed in harlequin-like costumes. Spectators and trees are visible in the background. The photograph was taken by G.I. Jones, a British colonial administrator and ethnographer who documented Igbo culture …
Alose Shrine Figure
This black-and-white photograph by G.I. Jones documents an Alose shrine in south-eastern Nigeria. The wooden figure stands inside a thatched structure, wearing a striped hat with feather and white facial paint. The deity holds objects in both hands among carved pots and stools. The sculpture represents spiritual forces significant in Igbo religious practice.
Portrait of an Igbo Man
Black-and-white portrait of an Igbo man with a smile, short hair, and a white collarless shirt. The background appears to be a wall or door with a contrasting lighter area, of natural light.
European Men and African Man at a Royal Niger Company Encampment
A photograph depicting a group of eight men at a temporary encampment. Seven light-skinned men are positioned standing and seated, wearing utilitarian warm-weather attire including pith helmets, boater hats, and white tunics. A dark-skinned man in a light-colored jacket and structured cap stands at attention on the left. The setting includes a large A-frame canvas tent, a thatched structure, and woven perimeter fences against a backdrop of a sloping, vegetated hill. The image is part of the Crosse Collection, associated …
Portrait of Man and Woman
A photograph depicting a man and a woman standing in front of a vernacular architectural structure. The man, on the left, stands upright with a direct gaze, wearing a thin neck ring and a minimalist waist garment. The woman, on the right, is positioned in a three-quarter profile with arms crossed over her chest, wearing multiple stacked neck rings and a thin cord encircling her waist. The background structure features a thick thatched roof and earthen walls. This image is …
Obugulu Mau Masquerade: Egu Agu
A photograph depicting a close-up portrait of a masquerader known as Egu Agu (Money Finish) during an Obugulu Mau (Ghost) masquerade. The figure wears a helmet mask with a complex superstructure decorated with cloth, tassels, and fibrous material. The mask is pale with symmetrical dark geometric patterns on the cheeks and forehead. The masquerader is dressed in a brightly coloured, harlequin-like costume featuring a cloth cloak tied around the neck over a woven or net cloth attached to the mask. …
Decorated Pots of North Ika
A monochromatic photograph depicting two earthenware vessels from North Ika. The vessels feature globular bodies with short cylindrical necks and wide, flattened rims. One vessel stands upright while the other lies recumbent on a granular substrate. Both pots are adorned with high-relief, segmented geometric ornamentation on the upper shoulders, consisting of radiating curvilinear segments defined by punctate borders and fine parallel striations. The high-contrast lighting suggests an archaeological or field-documentation setting.
Ogbugulu Mau Masquerader Performing in Amuda Village
This black-and-white photograph captures the Ogbugulu Mau masquerade performance in Amuda village near Awka, southeastern Nigeria, between 1932 and 1938. The masquerader Nwaogho Ehi (Heifer) wears a white helmet mask with distinctive v-shaped markings above and below the eyes, a brightly colored harlequin-like appliqué costume, cloth cloak tied around the neck, and ankle-rattles made from seeds. The photograph documents Igbo masquerade traditions among the Isuochi people, showing the elaborate costume design and performance context within a rural setting with mud …
Portrait of Two Women
A photograph depicting two women in an outdoor setting. One woman is seated on a wooden chair, wearing a striped head scarf, a shawl, and a striped cloth. A second woman stands beside her with an arm placed on the seated woman's shoulder, wearing a head scarf and a printed wrapper. The background consists of a fence made of wooden poles or reeds and blurred vegetation. The image was captured by William Henry Crosse between 1886 and 1895 as part …
Uxurhe Staffs
A monochrome photograph depicting a collection of approximately eight carved wooden vertical shafts, identified as Uxurhe staffs. The shafts are slender and cylindrical, featuring relief carvings of anthropomorphic figures, including large-scale carved heads at the terminals and smaller human forms interspersed along the length. Decorative elements include horizontal bands, circumferential rings, and textural patterns such as chevrons and cross-hatching. The objects are shown leaning against a coarse, textured wall, with a strong light source from the left creating high-contrast shadows …
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