Portraits of an Igbo Woman in Oweri Province, 1909-1913

“Portrait of an Igbo Woman in Oweri Province, 1909-1913 © MAA Cambridge (IDNO: P.32554.NWT)

This black-and-white photograph, taken by the British anthropologist Northcote Whitridge Thomas, presents a frontal view of an Igbo woman from the Oweri Province—now known as Owerri in South East Nigeria. Captured between 1909 and 1913, the image is part of Thomas’s broader effort to document the people of Nigeria under British colonial rule. The woman’s direct gaze and the gap between her front teeth—a cultural marker often associated with beauty—are immediately striking. She wears a simple headscarf, and her expression exudes calmness, with the plain background drawing attention to her facial features. This photograph is not merely a portrait; it is a historical artifact that speaks volumes about the cultural and aesthetic values of the Igbo people at the time.

Profile View of an Igbo Woman, Oweri Province, 1909-1913 © MAA Cambridge (IDNO: P.32555.NWT)

The side-profile view of the same Igbo woman, captured by Northcote Whitridge Thomas during his ethnographic expeditions between 1909 and 1913, offers a different yet equally powerful perspective. The woman’s headscarf is carefully tied, revealing the neat lines of her hair beneath it—a style characteristic of Igbo women at the time. A small earring hangs from her ear, adding a touch of personal adornment that contrasts with the simplicity of her attire. Her serene expression and the well-defined contours of her face are highlighted in this profile shot, which, like the frontal view, serves as an important visual record of Igbo culture in the early 20th century.

These photographs are part of the Northcote Thomas Collection, an extensive archive created during his anthropological missions in Nigeria. While these images provide invaluable insights into the cultural and physical attributes of the Igbo people, they also reflect the complex legacy of Thomas’s work. His documentation was conducted within the framework of British colonialism, raising questions about the motivations behind such ethnographic studies and the power dynamics at play. Today, these images are not only cultural treasures but also important tools for examining the impact of colonialism on African societies.

How do you view the role of photography in colonial ethnography? Do you think such images help or hinder our understanding of Igbo culture and history?

Further Exploration:

For a deeper exploration of Northcote Thomas’s work and its implications, read our post below on “Northcote Thomas: A Complex Legacy for Igbo Anthropology.”

Northcote Thomas: A Complex Legacy for Igbo Anthropology

Northcote Whitridge Thomas, an anthropologist appointed by the British government, embarked on a series of ethnographic expeditions in Nigeria from 1909 to 1915. His work, particularly among the Igbo people, left a lasting impact on the study of African cultures. However, his legacy is intertwined with both significant contributions and considerable controversies.

Northcote Thomas’s Contributions to Anthropology

Ethnographic Expeditions

Thomas’s expeditions were pioneering for their time. As the first government anthropologist in Nigeria, he was tasked with documenting the cultures of the region. His work covered a wide range of Igbo territories, including present-day Anambra and Enugu states. Thomas’s detailed records included descriptions of social structures, religious practices, and daily life among the Igbo.

Documentation of Igbo Culture

Thomas utilized a variety of methods to document Igbo culture. He was one of the first to use photography extensively in his fieldwork, capturing images of people, ceremonies, and artifacts. These photographs remain valuable visual records of early 20th-century Igbo life. Additionally, Thomas made phonographic recordings of Igbo language and music, preserving oral traditions and linguistic nuances that might have otherwise been lost.

Linguistic Studies

One of Thomas’s significant contributions was his work on the Igbo language. He compiled extensive vocabulary lists and grammatical notes, which have been crucial for later linguistic studies. His efforts in documenting different dialects helped preserve linguistic diversity and provided a foundation for future research on the Igbo language.

Preservation of Igbo Art and Craft

Thomas was meticulous in documenting Igbo art and craft. He collected artifacts, recorded techniques, and took detailed notes on the cultural significance of various art forms. His collection includes masks, sculptures, and textiles, which are now housed in museums like the British Museum. These records provide insights into traditional Igbo craftsmanship and aesthetic principles.

The Impact of Northcote Thomas’s Work

Influence on Modern Igbo Studies

Thomas’s work has had a profound influence on modern studies of Igbo culture and history. His detailed ethnographic records have been invaluable to researchers seeking to understand pre-colonial Igbo society. By providing a snapshot of Igbo life during a time of significant change, Thomas’s work helps contextualize contemporary cultural practices and social structures.

Legacy in Ethnographic Research

Thomas’s methodologies set a precedent for ethnographic research in Africa. His use of photography, phonography, and systematic note-taking has influenced subsequent generations of anthropologists. His approach demonstrated the importance of combining visual and auditory documentation with written records to create a comprehensive ethnographic archive.

Controversies Surrounding Northcote Thomas’s Work

Ethical Concerns

While Thomas’s contributions to anthropology are undeniable, his work is not without ethical concerns. As a colonial official, his research was conducted within the framework of British colonial interests. This raises questions about the objectivity and motivations behind his work. Critics argue that his position as a government anthropologist meant his findings were influenced by colonial agendas, potentially skewing his portrayal of Igbo culture.

Criticisms from Contemporary Scholars

Contemporary scholars have criticized Thomas’s work for its lack of cultural sensitivity and depth. Some argue that his outsider perspective limited his understanding of the complexities of Igbo society. Additionally, there are concerns about the accuracy of his translations and interpretations of Igbo language and customs. These criticisms highlight the importance of incorporating indigenous perspectives in anthropological research.

Cultural Sensitivity

Thomas’s documentation methods, particularly his collection of artifacts and photographs, have also been scrutinized for their cultural sensitivity. The removal of sacred objects and the photographing of private ceremonies without proper consent have been points of contention. Modern anthropologists emphasize the need for ethical standards that respect the cultural values and autonomy of the communities being studied.

Revisiting Thomas’s Work in Modern Times

Re-evaluation of His Contributions

Modern researchers continue to re-evaluate Thomas’s work, acknowledging both its contributions and limitations. His records provide a valuable historical baseline, but contemporary studies seek to address the gaps and biases in his documentation. By re-examining Thomas’s work through a critical lens, scholars aim to create a more nuanced understanding of Igbo culture.

Incorporation of Indigenous Perspectives

Efforts to incorporate indigenous perspectives into the interpretation of Thomas’s findings are crucial for a balanced view of his legacy. Collaborations between Western researchers and Igbo scholars help bridge the gap between historical records and contemporary cultural realities. This approach ensures that the voices and experiences of the Igbo people are central to the narrative.

Conclusion

Northcote Thomas’s legacy in the field of anthropology is a complex one. His pioneering work provided invaluable documentation of Igbo culture, but it is also marked by the ethical and cultural challenges inherent in colonial-era research. As we revisit and re-evaluate his contributions, it is essential to balance recognition of his achievements with a critical examination of his methods and motivations. By doing so, we can ensure a more comprehensive and respectful understanding of Igbo heritage.