Íhú Chí (1916) and the Duality of Chi and Eke

In Igbo cosmology, Chineke is often referred to as the supreme creator God. However, the concept of Chineke is more complex and multifaceted than a single definition. Let’s look into Igbo creation stories and explore the true meaning of Chineke, the relationship between Chi and Eke, and the impact of missionary influence on Igbo cosmology.

The Duality of Chineke

According to Igbo creation stories, Chineke molded the world, and Eke divided it. Eke emerged from Chi, making them the same mother. This apparent contradiction sparks debate:

• Is Chineke a single God with dualistic origins?
• or does it represent the merging of Chi (personal spirit) and Eke (creative force)?

The cult priest of Afo at Umuoye Etche shares a creation story that reveals the true nature of Chi and Eke: “Chineke molded the world; then Eke divided the world. Eke came out of the hands of Chi, so they became the same.” (Herbert M. Cole, 1982).

Chi and Eke: Two Inseparable Deities

Igbo people refer to Chi na (and) Eke, which connotes two complementary deities rather than a single overriding God. Chi creates, while Eke is the unknown force that created the universe. Chineke means the God that creates and continues to create. If Eke is an entity and a force, it’s not just a verb; it’s another entity that, together with Chi, makes the supreme being. Writers like Chinua Achebe acknowledge this, saying, “Here something fundamental changes because eke is no longer a verb but a noun. Chineke then becomes ‘chi and eke’.” (Chinua Achebe, Chi in Igbo Cosmology).

The Ékè Cult in Igbo Philosophy

Further complicating the concept of Chineke is the existence of the Ékè cult, documented by Herbert M. Cole in “MBARI: Art and Life among the Owerri Igbo” (1982). This cult worshipped Eke as a separate entity with its own priests, altars, and rituals. Eke surnames are still prevalent in the region where this cult flourished, highlighting its historical significance.

The Concept of Chi Ukwu (Chukwu)

Everyone has a Chi, and Chi Ukwu is the great Chi. Chukwu is one of many names for the supreme being, including Ezechitoke, Obasi di n’elu, Olisa, Osebuluwa, Chi Okike, and more. Ékè is the companion to Chi, and people also have an Eke, comparable to an assigner, while Chi is the ‘compass.’ Understanding Chi Ukwu helps us appreciate the complexity of Igbo cosmology.

The Impact of Missionary Influence

Early Christian missionaries applied indigenous folklore concepts to biblical translations, causing confusion. For example, Ekwensu, a small spirit, was misinterpreted as Satan. Similarly, Esu in Yoruba cosmology was misconceived as Satan. However, these concepts existed before Christianity and represent distinct entities. Missionaries also introduced the concept of a single, paternal creator God, conflicting with the Igbo understanding of Chi and Eke. This led to the misconception that Chineke is equivalent to the Christian God.

It’s essential to preserve Igbo cultural heritage and understand the true nature of Chi and Eke. By exploring Igbo creation stories and the duality of Chi and Eke, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the richness of Igbo cosmology. Share your thoughts:

• What do you think about the relationship between Chi and Eke?
• How do you understand the concept of Chi Ukwu?

References:

• Cole, H. M. (1982). MBARI: Art and Life among the Owerri Igbo. Indiana University Press.
  Mbari: Art and the Life Among the Owerri Igbo by Herbert M. Cole

  Book Details

  Title: Mbari: Art and the Life Among the Owerri Igbo

  Author: Herbert M. Cole

  Publisher: Indiana University Press

  Publication Date: April 22, 1982

  Format: Hardcover

  Pages: 292

  ISBN-10: 0253303974

  ISBN-13: 978-0253303974

  Language: English

  Author Profile

  Herbert M. Cole, affectionately known as Skip, is a professor emeritus and a revered figure in African art history. His extensive field research in Africa, spanning over four years, has led to significant contributions to the understanding of African art. Cole has organized numerous exhibitions and has been honored with a Leadership Award from the Arts Council of the African Studies Association, recognizing his lifetime achievements in the field.

  Overview of ‘Mbari’

  “Mbari: Art and the Life Among the Owerri Igbo” is a pioneering work that offers readers an exhaustive exploration of the mbari art form, a central cultural expression among the Igbo people of Eastern Nigeria. Herbert M. Cole’s book emerges as the first in-depth study on this subject, drawing from his extensive fieldwork in the region. The book meticulously examines the intricate process of building mbari mud houses, which are created to honor the gods.

  Cultural Context and Artistic Process

  The book provides a detailed look into the socio-cultural systems and religious beliefs of the Owerri Igbo, setting the stage for the elaborate and time-consuming process of constructing mbari houses. These structures are not simply architectural feats but are deeply embedded in the values and beliefs of the community, serving as a living testament to their way of life.

  Historical Significance and Anthropological Insights

  Cole traces the history of mbari houses and their role within Igbo culture, offering readers historical and anthropological perspectives on this art form. The book reveals how mbari houses serve as a medium for cultural expression and communication, embodying the community’s identity and reverence for their deities.

  Visuals and Analysis

  The volume is adorned with rare field photographs and exquisite line drawings, which complement Cole’s descriptions, offering a vivid portrayal of mbari art. These visuals are not merely decorative; they play a crucial role in helping the reader appreciate the complexity and artistry of the structures.

  Key Features

  • Illustrations: The book’s high-quality visuals bring the art of mbari to life, enhancing the reader’s understanding.
  • Comprehensive Analysis: Cole’s thorough examination of mbari provides a deep insight into the art form.
  • Interdisciplinary Approach: The work integrates art history, anthropology, and cultural studies for a well-rounded view.

  Target Audience

  This book is an invaluable resource for students, scholars, and anyone interested in African art, anthropology, or the cultural history of the Igbo people. It also serves as an important read for those who wish to gain a deeper understanding of the Igbo’s artistic heritage.

  Pros and Cons

  Pros:

  • Rich Visuals: The illustrations and photographs are a highlight, showcasing the beauty and complexity of mbari art.
  • In-Depth Research: Cole’s extensive research offers a comprehensive look at the mbari tradition.
  • Cultural Insight: The book contributes to the preservation of the Owerri Igbo’s artistic legacy.

  Cons:

  • Niche Focus: The specialized subject may appeal to a particular audience interested in African art forms.
  • Accessibility: The book’s availability might be limited due to its publication date.

  Conclusion

  “Mbari: Art and the Life Among the Owerri Igbo” by Herbert M. Cole is an insightful and thorough exploration of the mbari tradition. Its detailed analysis and illustrations make it an essential resource for anyone interested in Igbo art and culture. Despite its niche focus and potential accessibility issues, the book’s depth of research and visual appeal offer significant value, making it a worthy addition to any collection on African art.

  

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• Chukwukere, I. (1983). Chi in Igbo Religion and Thought: The God in Every Man.
• Achebe, C. (n.d.). Chi in Igbo Cosmology.