Igbo ancestral figures in an obi, Ohafia, 1930s

Igbo ArchivesIgbo ancestral figures in an obi, Ohafia, 1930s
"Igbo ancestral figures in an obi (central house), Ohafia, 1930s. Photo: G.I. Jones"
“Igbo ancestral figures in an obi (central house), Ohafia, 1930s. Photo: G.I. Jones”

This black and white photograph, taken by G.I. Jones in the 1930s, showcases five intricately carved wooden figures representing Igbo ancestral figures. These figures are placed within an obi, in Ohafia. The photograph is part of the Jones Archive at Southern Illinois University.

The figures vary in height and are adorned with different patterns and designs, likely signifying their statuses or roles within the society. Some figures have their arms by their sides, while others hold objects. One figure is seated on a stool with a smaller figure beside it, possibly indicating a status of authority or reverence. This image provides a visual representation of Igbo cultural heritage from the early 20th century, highlighting the artistry and significance of ancestral figures in Ohafia’s matrilineal society.

The Unique Matrilineal Tradition of Ohaffia

Ohaffia, a unique society within the larger Igbo culture of southeastern Nigeria, has long been known for its matrilineal tradition. This system traces ancestry and inheritance through the maternal line, with property and titles passed down from mothers to daughters. But how did this distinct social structure come to be?

Historical Origins of Ohaffia Matriliny

One intriguing origin story, explored by Philip O. Nsugbe in his 1974 book “Ohaffia: A Matrilineal Ibo People,” centers around the historical wanderings of the Ohaffia people. Nsugbe suggests that during these migrations, pregnant women who were unable to continue due to the rigors of travel might have been left behind “in the charge and care of a brother or husband.” These abandoned women, the story continues, became the founders of new Ohaffia settlements.

The Role of Twins in Ohaffia Culture

Nsugbe further suggests that the practice of leaving women behind might have stemmed from the fear of twins, which were sometimes considered an abomination. This explanation aligns with traditions in certain Ohaffia villages that trace their lineage back to female founders.

Women’s Roles in Ohaffia Society

While the historical accuracy of this specific origin story remains debatable, documented traditions within Ohaffia offer evidence of a strong emphasis on women’s roles in societal development. Nsugbe highlights cases where “traditions acknowledge and even ritually rehearse from year to year” the significant part women played in founding villages and lineage groups.

Examples of Matrilineal Leadership

A prime example of this matrilineal structure in action is the Ebem Ohafia, a village group, and the Ekeuke royal family. Here, positions of leadership and influence are passed down through the female line, ensuring a strong lineage of women leaders.

Continuing Traditions and Future Research

The origins of Ohaffia matriliny remain shrouded in some mystery, but the traditions and practices that continue to this day show us a unique social structure. Further research into historical accounts, archaeological evidence, and oral traditions passed down through generations can shed more light on this aspect of Igbo culture.


Do you have any insights or stories about the origins of Ohaffia matriliny or the role of women in Igbo society? Share your knowledge in the comments section below. By piecing together these fragments of history, we can gain a richer understanding of this enduring cultural legacy.

Explore Further

Nsugbe, Philip O. Ohaffia: A Matrilineal Ibo People. Oxford Monographs on Social Anthropology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1974.

Ohaffia: A Matrilineal Ibo People (Oxford Monographs on Social Anthropology) by Philip O. Nsugbe

Author: Philip O. Nsugbe

Publisher: Oxford University Press

Publication Date: January 1, 1974

Format: Hardcover

Pages: 152

ISBN-10: 0198231822

ISBN-13: 978-0198231820

Language: English

Overview

“Ohaffia: A Matrilineal Ibo People” by Philip O. Nsugbe is an ethnographic study that explores the unique matrilineal kinship system of the Ohaffia people, a subgroup of the Igbo in Eastern Nigeria. This book provides a detailed analysis of their social structure, cultural practices, and the interplay between matrilineal and patrilineal descent.

About the Author

Philip O. Nsugbe was a Nigerian ethnographer and antiquities officer who conducted extensive fieldwork among the Ohaffia people between 1960 and 1962, with additional research in 1964 and 1965. His work is known for its thorough use of archival materials and published works on other Igbo groups, providing a comprehensive perspective on the Ohaffia community.

Content Summary

  • Cultural Context: The book examines the social organization of the Ohaffia people, highlighting their matrilineal descent system and its implications for property inheritance, marriage, and social roles.
  • Historical and Anthropological Insights: Nsugbe provides a historical overview of the Ohaffia people, tracing their origins and interactions with neighboring groups. The book also delves into the anthropological aspects of their kinship system, comparing it with other Igbo and non-Igbo communities.
  • Village Organization: Detailed descriptions of village structures and leadership selection processes are provided, showcasing the complexity and variation within the Ohaffia community.

Strengths

  • Detailed Ethnographic Account: Provides an in-depth look at the Ohaffia people, supported by extensive fieldwork and archival research.
  • Comprehensive Analysis: Offers a thorough analysis of the matrilineal kinship system and its impact on social organization.
  • Cultural Insight: Highlights the cultural traditions and practices of the Ohaffia people, providing valuable insights into their way of life.

Challenge

  • Availability: The book is currently out of print and difficult to find, which limits its accessibility to readers.

Conclusion

“Ohaffia: A Matrilineal Ibo People” is a valuable resource for anyone interested in the social and cultural dynamics of the Ohaffia community. Nsugbe’s detailed ethnographic work offers a comprehensive understanding of their unique matrilineal system and its implications for their society. Despite its limited availability, the book remains an important contribution to the study of Igbo and African anthropology.

Personal Reflection

From my perspective, “Ohaffia: A Matrilineal Ibo People” is an insightful and well-researched work that sheds light on the complexities of the Ohaffia kinship system. Nsugbe’s thorough documentation and analysis provide a deep understanding of the cultural and social practices of the Ohaffia people. While the book’s availability is a drawback, its detailed ethnographic content makes it a valuable addition to any collection on African anthropology.

⭐⭐⭐⭐☆ (4/5) – A must-read for those interested in Igbo culture and matrilineal societies.

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Onyeka Nwokike
Onyeka Nwokike
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