Igbo ancestral figures in an obi, Ohafia, 1930s

This black and white photograph, taken by G.I. Jones in the 1930s, showcases five intricately carved wooden figures representing Igbo ancestral figures. These figures are placed within an obi, in Ohafia. The photograph is part of the Jones Archive at Southern Illinois University.

The figures vary in height and are adorned with different patterns and designs, likely signifying their statuses or roles within the society. Some figures have their arms by their sides, while others hold objects. One figure is seated on a stool with a smaller figure beside it, possibly indicating a status of authority or reverence. This image provides a visual representation of Igbo cultural heritage from the early 20th century, highlighting the artistry and significance of ancestral figures in Ohafia’s matrilineal society.

The Unique Matrilineal Tradition of Ohaffia

Ohaffia, a unique society within the larger Igbo culture of southeastern Nigeria, has long been known for its matrilineal tradition. This system traces ancestry and inheritance through the maternal line, with property and titles passed down from mothers to daughters. But how did this distinct social structure come to be?

Historical Origins of Ohaffia Matriliny

One intriguing origin story, explored by Philip O. Nsugbe in his 1974 book “Ohaffia: A Matrilineal Ibo People,” centers around the historical wanderings of the Ohaffia people. Nsugbe suggests that during these migrations, pregnant women who were unable to continue due to the rigors of travel might have been left behind “in the charge and care of a brother or husband.” These abandoned women, the story continues, became the founders of new Ohaffia settlements.

The Role of Twins in Ohaffia Culture

Nsugbe further suggests that the practice of leaving women behind might have stemmed from the fear of twins, which were sometimes considered an abomination. This explanation aligns with traditions in certain Ohaffia villages that trace their lineage back to female founders.

Women’s Roles in Ohaffia Society

While the historical accuracy of this specific origin story remains debatable, documented traditions within Ohaffia offer evidence of a strong emphasis on women’s roles in societal development. Nsugbe highlights cases where “traditions acknowledge and even ritually rehearse from year to year” the significant part women played in founding villages and lineage groups.

Examples of Matrilineal Leadership

A prime example of this matrilineal structure in action is the Ebem Ohafia, a village group, and the Ekeuke royal family. Here, positions of leadership and influence are passed down through the female line, ensuring a strong lineage of women leaders.

Continuing Traditions and Future Research

The origins of Ohaffia matriliny remain shrouded in some mystery, but the traditions and practices that continue to this day show us a unique social structure. Further research into historical accounts, archaeological evidence, and oral traditions passed down through generations can shed more light on this aspect of Igbo culture.

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Do you have any insights or stories about the origins of Ohaffia matriliny or the role of women in Igbo society? Share your knowledge in the comments section below. By piecing together these fragments of history, we can gain a richer understanding of this enduring cultural legacy.

Explore Further

Nsugbe, Philip O. Ohaffia: A Matrilineal Ibo People. Oxford Monographs on Social Anthropology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1974.