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G.I. Jones at Nsude Village Shrine Pyramid
A black-and-white photograph from the 1930s showing anthropologist G.I. Jones seated in front of a stepped earthen pyramid at the Nsude Village Shrine in Abaja, Northern Igbo region. The pyramid structure consists of rounded graduated steps decreasing in size and culminating in a pointed apex. The structure, made of mud, stands in an open area surrounded by grasses and vegetation. Jones is wearing shorts, a white shirt, and a pith helmet. The Nsude pyramids were temples dedicated to the deities …
Ogbugulu Mau Mask
A photograph depicting a side view of an Ogbugulu Mau helmet mask modelled by a male subject. The face of the mask is painted white with darker pigments accentuating the eyebrows, eyes, mouth, hair, and crested structure. The eyes are small slits with rounded pupils, and the mouth is open to reveal teeth. The cheek and the side of the face feature circular designs. The top of the mask consists of an elaborate crested coiffure with painted pegs in the …
Pot believed to hold the personal spirit (chi)
This decorated pot, known as Ihu Chi, from Ekpeye in 1916, is believed to hold an individual's personal spirit or chi, a central concept in Igbo cosmology often translated as guardian angel or spirit-double. In Igbo belief, chi is a fractal of the supreme creator, Chineke or Chukwu, influencing personal destiny and authenticity.
Mural Decorations in Nri Akwa
A photograph depicting a close up view of mural decorations on a wall in Nri Akwa. The murals feature two raised figures in relief, rendered with light colored pigments on a dark matte substrate. The figure on the left is stylized with extended arms, wearing white painted clothing and body decorations, and holding a rectangular object. This figure is flanked by birds and leaf designs and stands on a decorated plinth. The figure on the right stands with arms on …
Onu Kamma Masqueraders at Nimo
Black-and-white photograph showing three Onu Kamma (Mouth stronger than sword) masqueraders at Nimo, Nri Awka, Onitsha province. Each figure wears a large conical faceless mask constructed from layered fibre with a cloth panel at the front. Their attire includes tie-dyed or batik upper garments, striped woven cloth trousers, and fibre skirts secured at the waist; cowrie shells are visible on the rightmost performer. Two masqueraders hold metal gongs, one striking his with a stick. A sizable crowd of bystanders observes …
Standing Igbo Wooden Male Figure
A monochromatic gelatin silver print depicting a standing anthropomorphic carving of an adult male. The figure is carved from wood and features a stylized elongated, cylindrical headdress with a flat top. The face includes horizontal slit eyes, a broad nose, and a wide mouth with defined teeth. The torso is characterized by parallel horizontal incised lines on the chest and shoulders, with a prominent ribbed columnar element extending vertically from the mid-chest to the pelvic region. The arms are positioned …
Portrait of a Man in a Roofed Building
A photograph depicting a half-length portrait of an adult male with dark skin pigmentation and short, textured hair. The subject is shirtless, wearing a thin, dark, cord-like necklace with a single, small, cylindrical or bead-like element centered over the sternum. He is positioned centrally in a medium close-up shot against a background showing the internal structural framework or rafters of a roofed building. The image is a monochrome print showing signs of physical aging, including fine linear scratches and particulate …
Figure in an Ancestral Shrine, North Ika
A photograph depicting a carved humanoid figure situated within an ancestral shrine in North Ika. The figure is shown in a kneeling or seated posture, oriented in profile, with an elaborate, high-reaching headdress featuring vertical striations and conical protrusions. The figure's right hand grasps a flat, circular disc, and its neck is adorned with a collar of small, oval-shaped objects. The carving is positioned against a coarse, layered background surface and is secured with thin, dark filaments around the lower …
Aro Women
A photograph depicting three Aro women with distinct cranial hair styling. The subjects are positioned in a row in front of a vertical structure of thin, dried organic stalks and horizontal poles. One subject is shown in profile facing right with layered, horizontal hair ridges and a light-colored necklace. A second subject is shown from a posterior view with a tall, vertical, segmented columnar hair structure. The third subject is in profile facing left with a large, voluminous, and rounded …
Mau Ghost Face Mask
A photograph depicting a Mau (ghost) face mask painted white with black pigment. The mask features slit eyes, an elongated nose, and a mouth with teeth, accompanied by ear projections. The forehead and under-eye regions are decorated with carved and painted extended triangles, while the center of the forehead and areas near the ears contain etched markings. Darkly painted circular decorations appear on the chin, and the top of the mask is finished with a black, scalloped edge. The object …
Portrait of an Igbo Man
Black-and-white portrait of an Igbo man with a smile, short hair, and a white collarless shirt. The background appears to be a wall or door with a contrasting lighter area, of natural light.
Ogbugulu Mau Masquerader Performing in Amuda Village
This black-and-white photograph captures the Ogbugulu Mau masquerade performance in Amuda village near Awka, southeastern Nigeria, between 1932 and 1938. The masquerader Nwaogho Ehi (Heifer) wears a white helmet mask with distinctive v-shaped markings above and below the eyes, a brightly colored harlequin-like appliqué costume, cloth cloak tied around the neck, and ankle-rattles made from seeds. The photograph documents Igbo masquerade traditions among the Isuochi people, showing the elaborate costume design and performance context within a rural setting with mud …
Eze Nri Obalike with his attendants and Chiefs at Enugwu-Ukwu
This photograph, taken by Northcote Thomas in 1911, shows Eze Nri Obalike, who ruled from around 1889 to 1926, surrounded by his attendants and chiefs at the Nkwọ Marketplace in Enugwu-Ukwu. Under the watchful eyes of British colonial officers, Obalike was forced, reportedly at gunpoint, to denounce nso and alu, traditional codes of taboo and abomination that underpinned Nri authority. This event marked the decline of the Nri hegemony and the end of its ritual control over Igbo communities.
Oganochi Mgbedike Masquerader, Nimo
This black-and-white photograph shows an Oganochi mgbedike masquerader standing and facing the camera. The masquerader wears a full-length cloth costume with light and dark striped ruffles on the body, upper arms, and legs. Porcupine quills hang from the edges of the ruffles. The dark wooden helmet mask features white paint accentuating the mouth, teeth, and eyes. Two feathers are held in the front of the band at the bottom of the horns. Four carved horns curl inwards on top of …
Entrance Portico of Chief Ogbua's Iba
This black-and-white photograph, taken in 1961 by Z.R. Dmochowski as part of his documentation of Nigerian traditional architecture, features the entrance portico of Chief Ogbua's Iba (palace or house) in Onitsha. The entrance is adorned with intricate Igbo wood carvings on pillars and walls, depicting symbolic motifs and ancestral figures that reflect the owner's spiritual and social status.
European Men and African Man at a Royal Niger Company Encampment
A photograph depicting a group of eight men at a temporary encampment. Seven light-skinned men are positioned standing and seated, wearing utilitarian warm-weather attire including pith helmets, boater hats, and white tunics. A dark-skinned man in a light-colored jacket and structured cap stands at attention on the left. The setting includes a large A-frame canvas tent, a thatched structure, and woven perimeter fences against a backdrop of a sloping, vegetated hill. The image is part of the Crosse Collection, associated …
Group Portrait of Titled Igbo Men
This photograph from between 1900 and 1915 shows a group of titled Igbo men, likely members of the prestigious Nze na Ozo society. Their traditional attire includes symbolic robes, headgear, and red caps known as okpu mme, with ceremonial staffs and ivory bracelets indicating high status.
Aja Ǹgwùlù (Entrance to an Igbo Compound)
A photograph depicting the entrance and high walls (aja ǹgwùlù) of an Igbo compound (ǹgwùlù) in or near Onitsha. The structure is a single-story rectangular building with walls composed of plastered material and a thatched roof of organic fibers. The entrance is flanked by two pillars featuring bas-relief carvings of concentric circles, wavy lines, and geometric patterns. A freestanding carved column is positioned to the right of the portal. Inside the structure, a figure is visible wearing a high-contrast patterned …
Mask Maker in Workshop with Fish Mask
A photograph depicting a male mask maker in his workshop, holding a completed wooden mask representing a fish. The subject is seated on the ground, wearing a light-colored sleeveless garment, and is surrounded by wood shavings. The image, taken circa 1935, was provided by G. I. Jones to the Pitt Rivers Museum.
Portrait of Soldiers Outside Barracks
A photograph depicting approximately 18 to 20 men seated in a row outside a long, open-sided structure with a corrugated roof. The seated men wear light-toned, loose-fitting garments and some wear head coverings. Behind the group, several pieces of mobile artillery with large wooden-spoked wheels are visible. One man stands to the right, wearing a dark-toned military uniform and a peaked cap. The scene is set on flat ground with a hillside in the background. The image was captured during …
Palm Oil Market Scene in Akwete
A monochromatic photograph depicting a market scene in Akwete. The image shows a group of approximately 15 to 20 individuals, primarily Igbo men wearing waist-wrapped garments, gathered under an open-sided structure with a corrugated roof. Several large, spherical vessels encased in rope netting are visible on the ground, with one individual carrying two such vessels using a wooden yoke. A single individual is depicted in Western-style clothing, consisting of a long-sleeved shirt, trousers, and a wide-brimmed hat, appearing to be …
Aro men in loincloths clearing thick forest overgrowth under direction of colonial forces
This photograph, taken by Donald A. MacAlister as part of a series from the Aro Punitive Expedition, shows a group of Aro men clearing forest vegetation with machetes to facilitate British colonial troop movement during the Anglo-Aro War of 1901. The war sought to dismantle the Aro Confederacy and the Ibini Ukpabi (Long Juju) oracle, marking a significant event in British colonial efforts against indigenous powers in eastern Nigeria.
Young Igbo Man with Plaited Hairstyle and Uli Body Painting
A photograph depicting a young Igbo man in a three-quarter profile view. The subject features a domed and plaited hairstyle characterized by tight horizontal and radiating cornrows, partially covered by a close-fitting conical cap with braided strands descending as a fringe. Uli body painting is applied to the forehead and cheeks. This gelatin silver print captures the subject from the mid-chest upward against a blurred background.
Dancing Initiation Masks, Boys Initiation
A photograph depicting a group of individuals participating in a boys' initiation ritual in Nkporo. The central figures wear voluminous, floor-length skirts made of raffia or dried grass and tall, cylindrical headdresses that partially obscure their faces. They are captured in rhythmic motion, dancing in a cleared earthen area. A dense crowd of spectators, including shirtless men and individuals in light-colored tunics, forms a semi-circle around the performance space. The scene is set in a forested area with a dense …
Ojo Onu Masquerade in Amuda Village
A photograph depicting a close up portrait of the Ojo (Eju) Onu (Long Mouth) masquerade character, part of the Obugulu Mau (Ghost) masquerade. The subject wears a carved and painted wooden head mask with two horns, eyes, nose, ears, and a protruding snout with teeth. The mask is painted with dark pigment and adorned with pale spots and lines. The costume includes a woven cloth that covers the upper half of the wearer. The background shows grasses, huts, and trees, …
Northcote Thomas Botanical Collections
A photograph depicting a composite montage of three herbarium specimen sheets from the botanical collections of Northcote Thomas, curated at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. The first panel shows a specimen of Psychotria scindaphos from Ubulu, recorded as specimen number 2315. The second panel displays a specimen of Solanum from Hugo, recorded as number 2310, dated November 8, 1912. The third panel contains specimens identified as Omphalogonus calophylla and Omphalogonus nigrescens. These collections were gathered during Thomas's anthropological surveys in …
Maiden Spirit Mask (Isi abogefi)
A photograph showing the interior and exterior of an Igbo maiden spirit mask, known locally as Isi abogefi, collected by Northcote Thomas in Agukwu Nri in 1911. The mask is carved from egbu wood and features a white facial surface with yellow and ochre pigments on the forehead and black pigments on the nose and eyebrow ridges. It is decorated with circular raised-relief dots on the cheeks and linear patterns along the margins. The elaborate headdress, recorded as isi nkpo …
Carved Wooden Figure, North Ika
A monochrome photograph of a female-coded anthropomorphic wooden sculpture from North Ika, exhibiting stray Yoruba influence. The figure is depicted in a kneeling posture on a rectangular carved base, with a pronounced, rounded abdomen suggesting fertility or pregnancy. The head features a large, semi-circular disc-like structure extending posteriorly, with facial features including a narrow horizontal slit for an eye and a slightly agape mouth revealing stylized teeth. The sculpture's surface shows irregular marks from manual carving tools such as chisels …
Igbo Elder from Awka on Oche Mpata
These black-and-white photographs, taken by Northcote Thomas between 1910 and 1911 as part of his anthropological survey, feature an Igbo elder from Öka (Awka). The first shows a close view of her face and head, adorned with a wooden head dress set with pearl buttons, known as “isi ojongo,” embodying Igbo identity and artistic expression. The second depicts the elder seated on an “oche mpata,” a stool reserved for titled individuals with the Ọzọ title, wearing a patterned sarong and …
Steam Vessel Anchored on the Niger River
A photograph depicting a single-masted, steam-powered vessel moored parallel to an earthen riverbank along the Niger River. The vessel features a vertical smokestack emitting a plume of white smoke, a central multi-level superstructure with railings, and a tall mast with rigging lines. On the sloping bank, a group of approximately five to six men wearing minimal clothing, primarily light-colored wraps or loincloths, are engaged in manual labor near the water's edge. The image is part of the Crosse Collection, taken …
Exhibition Stall of Local Produce in Southern Nigeria
A gelatin silver print documenting an exhibition stall within an open, skeletal structure. The display features a collection of local produce including baskets, rope, mats, and carved wooden artifacts. Anthropomorphic figures are suspended from the overhead poles. The image records agricultural and artisanal goods produced in Southern Nigeria, capturing both the architectural framework and the inventory arrangement.
An Ekpe Masquerader in Uzuakoli
A black-and-white photograph from the 1930s by G.I. Jones depicting an Ekpe masquerader in Uzuakoli, present-day Abia State. The figure is centered in a medium-wide shot, wearing a large, volumetric mask with textured patterns and dark ocular regions. The costume consists of a thick, fibrous garment on the torso and form-fitting leggings featuring repeating geometric patterns, including triangles and zig-zags. The masquerader holds a long, thin, flexible rod diagonally across the body. The figure is surrounded by a semi-circle of …
Excerpt from Northcote Thomas's Anthropological Report on Ibo-speaking Peoples of Nigeria
A photograph depicting a printed textual fragment from Northcote Thomas's Anthropological Report on Ibo-speaking Peoples of Nigeria, Part IV, Law and Custom of the Ibo of the Asaba District, S. Nigeria, page 189. The text documents the localized governance system in Okpanam, specifically the role of the 'qmu' (Omu), who acts as the market queen. Her regulatory powers include using a stool as a signal to commence market activities, utilizing an 'agogo' (bell) to summon the 'ikei ani' for significant …
Portrait of an Igbo Man with Ichi Markings
A monochromatic photographic portrait of an Igbo man presented in a three-quarter profile view. The subject exhibits raised, hypertrophic ridges of Ichi scarification on the cheek, temple, and lateral forehead. His hair is plaited with small, vertical, cylindrical tufts on the crown of the head. The image is a gelatin silver print, set against a blurred natural background of vegetation. The portrait captures the dermal modifications and cranial styling typical of Igbo nobility during the late 19th to early 20th …
Igbo Adult Males Performing Masquerade
A black-and-white gelatin silver print depicting a group of Igbo adult males engaged in a ceremonial performance in an outdoor setting. One figure on the left wears an elaborate mask featuring cloth streamers and trousers with rattles tied around the knees. Other participants are dressed in loincloths, with some holding palm leaves. The background shows a crowd of onlookers. The scene is characterized by high-contrast natural lighting with dappled shadows on the ground, suggesting the event took place under a …
Thatched Dwelling and Group of Individuals
A photograph depicting a single-story dwelling with a steeply pitched thatched roof and light-colored walls. The structure features a veranda area with a low perimeter wall and several dark rectangular openings. To the right, a group of approximately five individuals wearing light-colored tunics and hats stands near a tall, slender vertical pole. The environmental context includes a tall, slender tree in the left foreground and a broad canopy tree behind the building. This monochrome image is a glass negative halfplate …
Ofogu Mask, Boys Initiation
A photograph depicting a figure wearing an Ofogu mask used during boys' initiation ceremonies in the Etiti Ama quarter of Nkporo. The subject is shown in profile, facing right, wearing a large radial fan-shaped headdress of avian feathers with light bases and dark tips. A dark, form-fitting, granular textured covering obscures the face and neck, with a long narrow conical extension descending from the head toward the subject's hand. The figure wears a light-toned, long-sleeved garment with vertical seams and …
Portrait of a Woman Seated on a Bentwood Chair
A monochrome photograph of a seated woman posing in an outdoor setting. The subject is bare-chested and wears a white cotton wrap-style waist cloth. Her adornments include a narrow necklace, bracelets on both wrists, a ring on her right hand, and bands with white fibrous attachments around her ankles. Repetitive patterned markings, consistent with scarification, are visible on her abdomen. She is seated on a bentwood-style chair on a dirt surface with dense vegetation in the background.
Portrait of Man and Woman
A photograph depicting a man and a woman standing in front of a vernacular architectural structure. The man, on the left, stands upright with a direct gaze, wearing a thin neck ring and a minimalist waist garment. The woman, on the right, is positioned in a three-quarter profile with arms crossed over her chest, wearing multiple stacked neck rings and a thin cord encircling her waist. The background structure features a thick thatched roof and earthen walls. This image is …
Soldiers of the Royal Niger Company
A photograph depicting approximately twelve men of African descent in light-colored military uniforms and dark pillbox caps. The subjects are positioned in a loose horizontal formation on a flat dirt expanse. Two light field artillery pieces, featuring dark metal barrels and wooden spoked wheels, are situated within the group. The background consists of a linear fence and tropical flora, including palm trees.
Igbo Dancer Performing Agaba Masquerade
A photograph depicting an Igbo dancer in Okitipupa, Ondo Province, performing the Agaba masquerade. The central figure wears a dark, matte-textured mask with wide, recessed eyes and an open mouth revealing white, rectangular teeth. The headdress features two large, curved horns and carved humanoid figures, with organic stalks extending vertically. The performer's torso is covered in a garment of overlapping light-toned, disc-shaped objects. Four men in mid-century attire are positioned around the dancer, observing the performance. This image was published …
Ofo, Uxurhe, and Ikenga from North Ika
A monochromatic archival photograph depicting a collection of three carved wooden objects from North Ika. On the left is a carved pedestal or vessel with a ribbed rim and a conical base. In the center is an elongated vertical staff, identified as an uxurhe, featuring a carved human figure at the apex and a textured shaft with horizontal bands. On the right is a complex sculptural assemblage, including an Ikenga, characterized by pointed appendages and a carved face, resting on …
Royal Niger Company Steam Vessel on the Niger River
A photograph depicting a medium-sized transport vessel with hybrid steam and sail propulsion anchored along a riverbank on the Niger River. The vessel features a single mast and a mid-aft smokestack emitting steam. The upper deck is heavily laden with rectangular bundles of cargo. Approximately 8 to 12 individuals in utilitarian clothing are visible on the main deck. The surrounding environment consists of a sloping riverbank with low vegetation and a background of dense tropical forest.
Family Group Portrait
A photograph depicting a family group of three females positioned in front of an open-fronted structure with a thick thatched roof supported by unrefined wooden poles. The group consists of an adult woman seated in the center, wearing a large light-colored textile with prominent vertical stripes covering her torso and wrapping around her lower body, and two other females standing on either side. The female on the left is an adolescent or child with a bare upper torso and a …
Young Igbo Girl Painted with Uli
This black-and-white photograph from the 1940s by Sylvia Leith-Ross shows a young Igbo girl adorned with traditional Uli body art patterns. She wears a headpiece with feathers and decorative elements, with her back turned to emphasize the designs. Blurred figures in the background suggest a public event. The image highlights the cultural significance of Uli in Igbo identity and aesthetics, as documented in Leith-Ross's book African Conversation Piece (1944).
Trader from Timbuctou and Rich Trading Woman
This photograph, taken by G.F. Packer in 1889 and housed in the Pitt Rivers Museum, features a trader from Timbuktu on the right and a rich trading woman on the left, possibly a member of the Onitsha women's Otu Odu (ivory group) society or an Omu, the female counterpart to the king. The woman wears large ivory anklets, indicative of high socio-economic status in this traders' group. The image illustrates long-standing trade connections across West Africa and Igbo commerce along …
Carved Wooden Shrine Object from Aboh Town
A monochrome photograph depicting a multi-tiered carved wooden sculpture from South Ika, Aboh town. The object features a superior tier with two elongated anthropomorphic figures wearing cylindrical, flat-topped headpieces with vertical striations. The figures possess protruding eyes and slender torsos with central vertical grooves. The intermediate tier consists of a block-like mass with animalistic characteristics, including a snout-like structure with horizontal slits. The base is supported by four thick, rectangular pillar-like legs. The sculpture is positioned against a backdrop of …
Dancer Wearing Fish Mask
A photograph depicting a dancer wearing a ceremonial mask representing a fish. The apparatus is an elongated, tapered horizontal structure with a crest-like form, featuring small, stylized facial motifs and light-colored decorative accents. A rectangular textile banner with a central four-pointed motif is mounted atop the structure. The dancer and other participants wear wrap-around garments with dense, repetitive geometric patterns of interlocking squares and diamonds. The scene is set outdoors in a tropical environment with dense vegetation and a crowd …
Landscape of the Niger River near Asaba
A monochrome landscape photograph taken between 1886 and 1895 by William Henry Crosse, Principal Medical Officer of the Royal Niger Company. The image depicts a large, calm body of water in the foreground with a prominent, vegetated hill centered in the background, creating a symmetrical reflection on the water's surface. The composition is a wide-angle view with a high-key sky and diffuse lighting. The photograph is a lantern slide, identified by archival markings including the alphanumeric code LS.82550 and a …
Decorated Pots of North Ika
A monochromatic photograph depicting two earthenware vessels from North Ika. The vessels feature globular bodies with short cylindrical necks and wide, flattened rims. One vessel stands upright while the other lies recumbent on a granular substrate. Both pots are adorned with high-relief, segmented geometric ornamentation on the upper shoulders, consisting of radiating curvilinear segments defined by punctate borders and fine parallel striations. The high-contrast lighting suggests an archaeological or field-documentation setting.
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